Research & Publications

Peer-reviewed work from the collective.

Five coordinated studies of virtual meetings, well-being, and equity, with findings grounded in large-scale NLP, multi-phase survey research, qualitative interviews, experimental testing, and a prototype platform built in VRChat.

Research areas

What we study.

Virtual meeting fatigue & well-being

How platform design, meeting structure, and individual attributes interact to produce exhaustion and disengagement in virtual work. Meta-analytic synthesis plus primary data from surveys, interviews, and experiments.

Impression management & avatars

How users present themselves in mediated spaces: the mechanics of avatar-based self-presentation, its demographic patterns, and its implications for professional identity and psychological safety.

Social presence in VR & VM

The affordances and constraints of virtual platforms for creating the felt experience of being with others, with implications for both professional meetings and educational spaces.

Gender, race & virtual inequities

Where virtual meeting design amplifies or attenuates existing workplace inequities. Evidence on differential fatigue, differential valuation of customization, and differential participation outcomes.

Play & engagement

Playful design elements (gesture tools, ambient objects, stylized environments) as an engagement strategy and a fatigue-reduction tool. Grounded in game studies and design justice.

Platform design

Values-based, research-grounded virtual meeting platform design. Principles derived from the four empirical studies, implemented in the Beyond Meet Space platform in VRChat.

Publications

Journal articles, proceedings, editorials.

15+ peer-reviewed publications across top outlets in communication, HCI, game studies, and educational technology.

2025
Journal

Balancing fun and professionalism in game development: The dark and light side of play in virtual meetings

Bouzek, D., Foxman, M., Lim, C., & Leith, A. P.

Frontiers in Communication

doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1609776 →

Journal

Stress and coping in VRChat: A mixed-method case study of the use of VRChat as a coping tool during the COVID-19 pandemic

Leith, A. P., Beyea, D., Jeong, D., Foxman, M., & Lim, C.

Computers in Human Behavior Reports

Journal

Openness to the Metaverse Workplace: Zoom fatigue and metaverse information seeking mediate gender inequities

Lim, C., Ratan, R., Pandita, S., Foxman, M., Hales, G., Liu, H., Lei, Y., & Beyea, D.

Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies

doi.org/10.1155/hbe2/8808655 →

Editorial

Metaverse-mediated communication: A call for theory-driven XR research

Beyea, D., Foxman, M., Ratan, R., Klebig, B., Leith, A., & Chen, V. H. H.

Journal of Media Psychology, 37(2), 61–63

doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000465 →

Journal

Zoom fatigue in review: A meta-analytical examination of videoconferencing fatigue's antecedents

Beyea, D., Lim, C., Lover, A., Foxman, M., Ratan, R., & Leith, A. P.

Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 17, 100571

doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100571 →

Journal

Meeting needs: How social interaction anxiety, zoom fatigue, relatedness, and demographics predict virtual meeting feature preferences

Lim, C., Leith, A. P., Ratan, R., & Bouzek, D.

Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 18, 100673

doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100673 →

Journal

Examining attitudes about the virtual workplace: Associations between Zoom fatigue, impression management, and virtual meeting adoption intent

Lim, C., Ratan, R., Foxman, M., Beyea, D., Jeong, D., & Leith, A. P.

PLOS One

doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312354 →

Journal

Time matters in VR: Students benefit from longer VR class duration, but certain outcomes decline after 45 minutes

Ratan, R. A., Lin, Q., Lim, C., Park, R., Lover, A., Han, E., Jang, D., Leith, A. P., & Bailenson, J. N.

Computers & Education

doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105328 →

Proceedings

The hyperpersonal model of communication in virtual meetings: Exploring the roles of fatigue, social interaction anxiety, muting, and avatar use in meeting engagement

Lim, C., Beyea, D., Leith, A., Foxman, M., Ratan, R., & Klebig, B.

Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hawaii, USA

2024
Journal

An avatar's worth: Valuation of avatar customization for the metaverse workplace is predicted by virtual meeting fatigue, gaming habits, and being a woman or person of color

Lim, C., Ratan, R., Foxman, M., Meshi, D., Liu, H., Hales, G., & Lei, Y.

Computers in Human Behavior

doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108309 →

Journal

Zoom fatigue and facial dissatisfaction relate to virtual meeting engagement differently in the US and South Korean contexts

Lim, C., & Ratan, R.

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking

doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2024.0099 →

Proceedings

Making a virtual playground: Values-based game design in meeting platforms

Foxman, M., Bouzek, D., Lim, C., Ratan, R., Klebig, B., Leith, A. P., & Beyea, D.

2024 Abstract Proceedings of DiGRA: Limits and Margins of Games, Guadalajara, Mexico

Proceedings

Wanting playfulness to counter fatigue from virtual meetings: Associations with social interaction anxiety and workaholism

Lim, C., Foxman, M., Leith, A. P., Meshi, D., & Ratan, R.

2024 Proceedings of DiGRA: Limits and Margins of Games, Guadalajara, Mexico

Proceedings

Focusing on virtual groups: A method for focus group interviews in XR/VR group settings

Milik, O. T., Jang, D., Foxman, M., Klebig, B., Beyea, D., Leith, A. P., & Ratan, R. A.

Association of Internet Researchers, Selected Papers of Internet Research

2023
Proceedings

Virtually limited: Boundaries of play in virtual reality production

Foxman, M., Ratan, R., Bouzek, D., & Leith, A. P.

Proceedings of the 2023 DiGRA International Conference

dl.digra.org/article/1979 →

Proceedings

Mixed feelings and realities: Joyful to nauseating sentiments about VR on Twitter

Leith, A. P., Foxman, M., Onuche, M., Ratan, R., & Lim, C.

Proceedings of the 2023 DiGRA International Conference

dl.digra.org/article/2105 →

2022
Journal

Beyond genre: Classifying virtual reality experiences

Foxman, M., Beyea, D., Leith, A. P., Ratan, R. A., Chen, V. H. H., & Klebig, B.

IEEE Transactions on Games, 14(3), 466–477

doi.org/10.1109/TG.2021.3119521 →

Journal

Facial appearance dissatisfaction explains differences in Zoom fatigue

Ratan, R., Miller, D. B., & Bailenson, J. N.

Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 25(2)

doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2021.0112 →

2020
Proceedings

Virtual reality genres: Comparing preferences in immersive experiences and games

Foxman, M., Leith, A. P., Beyea, D., Klebig, B., Chen, V. H. H., & Ratan, R.

CHI PLAY '20: Extended Abstracts of the 2020 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play, 237–241

doi.org/10.1145/3383668.3419881 →

In preparation: a culmination paper.

Our synthesis paper, Beyond Skeuomorphic Virtual Meetings, brings together five years of research into five design principles for virtual meetings, and introduces the BMS prototype as an implementation. Currently seeking a home; preprint on request.

Contact the team →